David L. Fried
David L. Fried is a scientist, best known for his contributions to optics. Fried described what has come to be known as Fried's seeing diameter, or r0 (usually pronounced r-naught). The seeing diameter is effectively a limiting aperture due to atmospheric turbulence, and is found either empirically or statistically. The seeing diameter limits optical resolution. Note that it is a diameter, not a radius, even though r is used as the variable.
Typical values for Fried's seeing diameter in the visible spectrum may range from less than 1 cm (you can detect turbulence with your eye) to 20 cm on Mt. Haleakala.
Life and professional career
David L. Fried was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., on April 13, 1933. He received the A.B., MS., and Ph.D. degrees in physics from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. I. in 1957, 1959, and 1962, respectively. From 1957 to 1959 he was with RCA Astro-Electronics Division, Princeton, N. J., where he worked on computer applications analysis. In 1961 he was employed by Rockwell International, where he held the position of Manager in the Electro-Optical Laboratory of the Autonetics Division (Anaheim, Calif.), where, as head of the Laser Techniques Group, he was engaged in the study of devices necessary for laser applications, and in the analysis of system concepts for laser application. He also did extensive work in the study of optical propagation in a randomly inhomogeneous atmosphere and the consequent effects on optical system performance. In 1966 he joined the technical staff of the North American Aviation Science Center, Thousand Oaks, Calif., where he was engaged in a study of the microwave reflectivity and emissivity of rough surfaces.
Dr. Fried served for 20 years on the U.S. Army Science Board (ASB). For many years, he served on the ASBβs standing committee on ballistic missile defense. In the 1960s, Dr. Fried published a series of papers on the optical effects of atmospheric turbulence that provided much of the analytic foundations for the development of adaptive optics systems, and that resulted in the definition of the quantity now known as Friedβs parameter. In 1981, Dr. Fried carried out the first analysis evaluating and establishing the feasibility of the use of atmospheric laser back scatter to control adaptive opticsβa concept which now goes by the name of laser guide-star. He then designed, managed the development of the hardware for, and supervised an experiment that successfully demonstrated the validity of the laser guide-star concept.
From 1970 (when he founded the company) till 1993 (when he sold the company), Dr. Fried was the president of the Optical Sciences Company (Placentia, California). In 1993, he received the SPIE Technology Achievement Award for his initial laser guide-star work. From 1993 to 1995 he was a professor of physics at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Currently, he works as an independent consultant.
In addition to his work related to optical propagation/turbulence effects/adaptive optics, Dr. Fried has done work in a variety of other electro-optics related fields such as the suppression of infrared background clutter in moving target detection systems; analysis of laser speckle statistics; analysis of the effect of photo-detection-event driven shot noise upon the precision of various types of optical measurements; the design and development of low-temperature-optics long-wavelength infrared sensors for use in mid course ballistic missile defense; and in the design and performance analysis for space-based infrared sensors for missile and aircraft detection. He has also been involved in the search for a sound approach to the mid-course decoy discrimination problem for ballistic missile defense.
Honors
1993 β David L. Fried, Optical Sciences Company, SPIE Technology Achievement Award. [1]
Research works
- D. Fried and T. Clark, "Extruding Kolmogorov-type phase screen ribbons," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25, 463β468 (2008).
- J. Barchers and D. Fried, "Optimal control of laser beams for propagation through a turbulent medium," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 1779β1793 (2002).
- J. Barchers, D. Fried, and D. Link, "Evaluation of the Performance of Hartmann Sensors in Strong Scintillation," Appl. Opt. 41, 1012β1021 (2002).
- D. Fried, "Branch point problem in adaptive optics," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2759β2768 (1998).
- H. Yura and D. Fried, "Variance of the Strehl ratio of an adaptive optics system," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2107β2110 (1998).
- D. Fried and R. Szeto, "Wind-shear induced stabilization of PCI," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 1212β1226 (1998).
- D. Fried, "Analysis of the CLEAN algorithm and implications for superresolution," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 853β860 (1995).
- D. Fried, "Horizon irregularity induced by turbulence," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 950β957 (1995).
- D. Fried, "Focus anisoplanatism in the limit of infinitely many artificial-guide-star reference spots," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 939β949 (1995).
- D. Fried and J. Belsher, "Analysis of fundamental limits to artificial-guide-star adaptive-optics-system performance for astronomical imaging," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 277β287 (1994).
- R. Benedict, J. Breckinridge, and D. Fried, "Atmospheric-Compensation Technology," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 257β262 (1994).
- D. Fried and J. Vaughn, "Branch cuts in the phase function," Appl. Opt. 31, 2865β2882 (1992).
- D. Fried, "Time-delay-induced mean-square error in adaptive optics," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 1224β1225 (1990).
- D. Fried, "Greenwood frequency measurements," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 946β947 (1990).
- D. Fried and J. Vaughn, "Dependence of the Knox-Thompson transfer function on the difference of spatial frequencies," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 833β837 (1990).
- G. Tyler and D. Fried, "Image-position error associated with a quadrant detector," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 804β808 (1982).
- D. Fried and G. Mevers, "Thermal-blooming time constant," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 519β521 (1982).
- D. Fried, "Anisoplanatism in adaptive optics," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 52β52 (1982).
- D. Fried, "Laser eye safety: the implications of ordinary speckle statistics and of speckled-speckle statistics," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 914β916 (1981).
- D. Fried, "Resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and measurement precision: addendum," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 748β749 (1980).
- D. Fried, "Resolution, signal-to-noise ration, and measurement precision," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 69, 399β406 (1979).
- D. Fried, "Probability of getting a lucky short-exposure image through turbulence," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 1651β1657 (1978).
- D. Fried, "Propagation of the mutual coherence function for an infinite plane wave through a turbid medium," Opt. Lett. 1, 104β106 (1977).
- D. Fried, "Least-square fitting a wave-front distortion estimate to an array of phase-difference measurements," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 370β375 (1977).
- D. Fried, "Evaluation of ro for propagation down through the atmosphere: correction 2," Appl. Opt. 16, 549β549 (1977).
- D. Fried, "Statistics of the laser radar cross section of a randomly rough targe," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 1150β1160 (1976).
- D. Greenwood and D. Fried, "Power spectra requirements for wave-front-compensative systems," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 193β206 (1976).
- D. Fried, "Evaluation of r? for propagation down through the atmosphere: correction," Appl. Opt. 14, 2567β2567 (1975).
- D. Fried and G. Mevers, "Evaluation of ro for Propagation Down Through the Atmosphere," Appl. Opt. 13, 2620β2622 (1974).
- D. Fried, "Signal Processing for a Signal with Poisson Noise: Author?s Reply to Comments," Appl. Opt. 13, 2463β2464 (1974).
- D. Fried, "Nonlinear Resonance Scanning," Appl. Opt. 13, 1796β1801 (1974).
- D. Fried, "Signal Processing for a Signal with Poisson Noise," Appl. Opt. 13, 1282β1283 (1974).
- D. Fried, "Absence of Thermal Blooming for a Uniformly Illuminated Square-Aperture High-Power Laser Transmitter," Appl. Opt. 13, 989β991 (1974).
- H. Hance and D. Fried, "Experimental test of optical antenna-gain reciprocity," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 1015β1016 (1973).
- D. Fried, "Statistics of Laser Beam Fade Induced by Pointing Jitter," Appl. Opt. 12, 422β423 (1973).
- D. Fried, "Binary Signal Demodulation Photon Count Statistics," Appl. Opt. 11, 1268β1269 (1972).
- D. FRIED and H. YURA, "Telescope-Performance Reciprocity for Propagation in a Turbulent Medium," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 62, 600β602 (1972).
- D. Fried, "Spectral and Angular Covariance of Scintillation for Propagation in a Randomly Inhomogeneous Medium," Appl. Opt. 10, 721β731 (1971).
- D. Fried and R. Turner, "Focusing through a Flat Plate; Dependence of Aberration on the Refractive Index," Appl. Opt. 9, 2800β2800 (1970).
- J. Shaffer and D. Fried, "Bender-Bimorph Scanner Analysis," Appl. Opt. 9, 933β937 (1970).
- E. TYSON and D. FRIED, "Observation of Very Weak Optical Strength of Atmospheric Turbulence," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 1538β1539 (1968).
- D. FRIED, "Diffusion Analysis for the Propagation of Mutual Coherence," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 961β969 (1968).
- D. Fried and R. Schmeltzer, "The Effect of Atmospheric Scintillation on an Optical Data Channel?Laser Radar and Binary Communications," Appl. Opt. 6, 1729β1737 (1967).
- D. FRIED, "Scintillation of a Ground-to-Space Laser Illuminator," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 980β983 (1967).
- D. FRIED, G. MEVERS, and M. KEISTER, JR., "Measurements of Laser-Beam Scintillation in the Atmosphere," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 787β797 (1967).
- D. FRIED, "Test of the Rytov Approximation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 268β269 (1967).
- D. FRIED and J. SEIDMAN, "Laser-Beam Scintillation in the Atmosphere," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 181β185 (1967).
- D. Fried and J. Seidman, "Heterodyne and Photon-Counting Receivers for Optical Communications," Appl. Opt. 6, 245β250 (1967).
- D. FRIED, "Propagation of a Spherical Wave in a Turbulent Medium," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 175β180 (1967).
- D. FRIED, "Aperture Averaging of Scintillation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 169β172 (1967).
- D. FRIED and J. CLOUD, "Propagation of an Infinite Plane Wave in a Randomly Inhomogeneous Medium," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 1667β1676 (1966).
- D. FRIED, "Optical Resolution Through a Randomly Inhomogeneous Medium for Very Long and Very Short Exposures," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 1372β1379 (1966).
- D. FRIED, "Limiting Resolution Looking Down Through the Atmosphere," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 1380β1384 (1966).
- D. FRIED, "Statistics of a Geometric Representation of Wavefront Distortion," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 1427β1431 (1965).
- D. Fried, J. Shaffer, and R. Turner, "A Theoretical Analysis of Image Orthicon Performance," Appl. Opt. 4, 785β792 (1965).
- D. FRIED and G. MEVERS, "Atmospheric Optical Effects?Polarization Fluctuation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 740β741 (1965).
- D. Fried, "Noise in Photoemission Current," Appl. Opt. 4, 79β80 (1965).
- D. Fried, W. Read, and D. Pollock, "An Interferometric Optical Modulator," Appl. Opt. 3, 697β701 (1964).
See also
References
External links
Biographical data extracted from:
- Optical Sciences Company, SPIE Technology Achievement Award. [2]
- Proceedings of the IEEE , vol.55, no.1, pp. 77, Jan. 1967 [3]
- An Assessment of Concepts and Systems for U.S. Boost-Phase Missile Defense in Comparison to Other Alternatives: Committee Membership Information. [4]
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